[156] The group's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility,[157] is said to provide "divine guidance"[158] through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah. Jehovah’s Witnesses — with 1.3 million members in the U.S. who hand out brochures on sidewalks and subway platforms and ring doorbells — are one of … { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_leftslot' }}, [206] They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914,[207] and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth. var pbMobileLrSlots = [ The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. if(window.__tcfapi) googletag.cmd.push(function() { The study also found that 65% of adult Jehovah's Witnesses in the US are converts. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346688' }}, iasLog("criterion : sfr = cdo_dict_english"); { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541042770', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, [18][19] Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "The Truth" and consider themselves to be "in the Truth". { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654174' }}, iasLog("criterion : cdo_ei = jehovah-s-witness"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_pc", "dictionary"); Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. Jehovah’s Witnesses are members of a religious movement that is related to Adventism . ", "A Royal Priesthood to Benefit All Mankind", "Global Printing—Helping People to Learn About God", "Be "Intensely Occupied" With Your Ministry", "18—Baptism and Your Relationship With God", "Question Box: How long should a formal Bible study be conducted with an individual in the Knowledge book? { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '194852', size: [300, 250] }}, googletag.cmd.push(function() { userIds: [{ { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195466', size: [728, 90] }}, Jehovah's Witnesses believe Jesus is Michael the Archangel. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971081', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}]}]; dfpSlots['rightslot2'] = googletag.defineSlot('/2863368/rightslot2', [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]], 'ad_rightslot2').defineSizeMapping(mapping_rightslot2).setTargeting('sri', '0').setTargeting('vp', 'mid').setTargeting('hp', 'right').addService(googletag.pubads()); 'increment': 0.5, [4] For the same year, they reported over 2 billion hours spent in preaching activity, and conducted Bible studies with more than 10 million individuals (including those conducted by Witness parents with their children[307][308]). { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195466', size: [728, 90] }}, They interpret Revelation 14:1–5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth. [239], All sexual relations outside of marriage are grounds for expulsion if the individual is not deemed repentant;[240][241] homosexual activity is considered a serious sin, and same-sex marriages are forbidden. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446381' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_topslot_728x90' }}, [4], The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry;[309] official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings. ga('set', 'dimension2', "entry"); { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654208' }}, [66] Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford's twenty-five years as president, including the 1920 announcement that the Hebrew patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year earthly Kingdom. [264] Marking, a curtailing of social but not spiritual fellowship, is practiced if a baptized member persists in a course of action regarded as a violation of Bible principles but not a serious sin. [214] Most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during the thousand year "judgment day". Jehovah’s Witnesses are the followers of a Christian-based religion perhaps best known for their ‘door-to-door’ evangelising activities. Whalen, Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society, and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God. iasLog("criterion : cdo_pt = entry"); [63] As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; the directors were released in March 1919 and charges against them were dropped in 1920. ", "Jehovah's Witnesses — Publishing Titans", "Did You Know The Most Widely Circulated Magazine In The World Is The Monthly Publication Of Jehovah's Witnesses? [83][84], Worldwide membership of Jehovah's Witnesses reached 113,624 in 5,323 congregations by the time of Rutherford's death in January 1942. }; { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, Criticism has also focused on their rejection of blood transfusions, particularly in life-threatening medical situations, and failing to report cases of sexual abuse to the authorities. 'increment': 0.05, googletag.pubads().set("page_url", "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/jehovah-s-witness"); ", "Discipline That Can Yield Peaceable Fruit", "Display Christian Loyalty When a Relative Is Disfellowshipped", "Appendix: How to Treat a Disfellowshipped person", "Keep Your Distance When Danger Threatens", "Parents-What Future Do You Want for Your Children? { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}, [80][81] By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parousía), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days" were each moved to 1914. [382][383], Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will[384][385] and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom. Membership declined during the late 1970s after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541042770', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, [195], Witnesses believe that a "little flock" of 144,000 selected humans go to heaven, but that the majority (the "other sheep") are to be resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. [243] Modesty in dress and grooming is frequently emphasized. [9], The group emerged from the Bible Student movement founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell, who also co-founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881 to organize and print the movement's publications. [75] By mid-1919, as many as one in seven of Russell-era Bible Students had ceased their association with the Society, and as many as three-quarters by the end of the 1920s. "noPingback": true, name: "pubCommonId", [287] They do not salute or pledge allegiance to flags or sing national anthems or patriotic songs. [85][86], Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942. The husband is considered to have authority on family decisions, but is encouraged to solicit his wife's thoughts and feelings, as well as those of his children. enableSendAllBids: false, Login [322][323], Authors including William Whalen, Shawn Francis Peters and former Witnesses Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Alan Rogerson and William Schnell have claimed the arrests and mob violence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s were the consequence of what appeared to be a deliberate course of provocation of authorities and other religious groups by Jehovah's Witnesses. [65] At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan was originally a perfect angel who developed feelings of self-importance and craved worship. },{ bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776336', position: 'btf' }}, A former Jehovah's Witness has offered a rare insight into the religious group, describing it as a cult that "tries to control emotions, thought, information and behavior of a person". Jehovah's Witnesses in American English. Marriages are required to be monogamous and legally registered. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971079', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, [175][176][177] They believe that Jehovah is the only true God, the creator of all things, and the "Universal Sovereign". By 1975, the number of active members exceeded two million. [258] Witnesses are taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals keeps the congregation free from immoral influence and that "losing precious fellowship with loved ones may help [the shunned individual] to come 'to his senses,' see the seriousness of his wrong, and take steps to return to Jehovah. Jehovah's Witness - believer in imminent approach of the millennium; practitioner of active evangelism. {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_topslot' }}, (1919-1941)", "1975—The Appropriate Time for God to Act", "The '1975'-prophecy and its impact among Dutch Jehovah's Witnesses", "Why the Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Application", Chryssides & Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses, "Jehovah's Witnesses Abandon Key Tenet : Doctrine: Sect has quietly retreated from prediction that those alive in 1914 would see end of world", "Overseers and Ministerial Servants Theocratically Appointed", "What Is the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses? { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '346693' }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971079', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, [187] His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is applied to the 'anointed' class, though the 'other sheep' are said to also benefit from the arrangement.[188]. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. }, "[54] Russell died October 31, 1916, at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [300, 50] }}, [4] Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Warwick, New York, United States, which establishes all doctrines[6] based on its interpretations of the Bible. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_dc", "english"); Jehovah's Witnesses teach that Satan and his demons were cast down to earth from heaven after October 1, 1914,[190] at which point the end times began. Their policies for handling cases of child sexual abuse have been the subject of various formal inquiries. iasLog("exclusion label : wprod"); var mapping_rightslot2 = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]]).addSize([0, 0], []).build(); [343] Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service, the right of patients to refuse medical treatment, and the right to engage in public discourse. {code: 'ad_rightslot2', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot2', adUnitPath: '/2863368/rightslot2' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [120, 600], [160, 600]] } }, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776156', position: 'atf' }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_t", "religion"); We worship the one true and Almighty God, the Creator, whose name is Jehovah. [22][23] Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. [235][236] Baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching are termed "irregular" and may be counseled by elders;[237][238] those who do not submit reports for six consecutive months are termed "inactive". { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [300, 600] }}, Draw Close to Jehovah (2002, 2014) Book. initAdSlotRefresher(); [265][266][267] They believe that only Jehovah's Witnesses represent true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed. }); bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162050', zoneId: '776336', position: 'btf' }}, ^ par. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776156', position: 'atf' }}, [181][182], Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's only direct creation, that everything else was created through Christ by means of God's power, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's "only-begotten Son". {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, [344] Similar cases in their favor have been heard in Canada.[345]. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '555365', size: [120, 600] }}, [356] Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as "apostates" who are "mentally diseased". Jehovah's Witnesses - Protestant denomination founded in the United States by Charles Taze Russell in 1884. [12][13][14][15], Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and for refusing military service and blood transfusions. ", In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in, In 1951, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses in the. Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. pid: '94' Jehovah's Witnesses do not practice infant baptism,[129] and previous baptisms performed by other denominations are not considered valid. [402][403][404] In cases where corroboration is lacking, the Watch Tower Society's instruction is that "the elders will leave the matter in Jehovah's hands". Terra, 1994, R. Franz, "In Search of Christian Freedom", chapter 12. [55], In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. [249] If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_btmslot_300x250' }}, [185] Biblical references to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word are interpreted as names for Jesus in various roles. [110] It appoints all branch committee members and traveling overseers, after they have been recommended by local branches, with traveling overseers supervising circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. [44][45][46] By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs,[39] and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. Jehovah’s Witnesses. ", "Jehovah's Witnesses Reach New Preaching Milestone—JW.ORG Now Features Content in 1,000 Languages", "8. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}, }); Christian religious sect rooted in the Adventist movement of the late 1800s in the United States ", "All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial", "Questions From Readers—Why do Jehovah's Witnesses decline to exchange their Bible study aids for the religious literature of people they meet", "Identifying the Wild Beast and Its Mark", "Young Ones—Are You Ready to Get Baptized", "Remaining Organized for Survival Into the Millennium", "Our Readers Ask: Do Jehovah's Witnesses Believe That They Are the Only Ones Who Will Be Saved? "authorizationTimeout": 10000 This Christian denomination dates back to the late 19th century. pbjsCfg.consentManagement = { googletag.enableServices(); var dfpSlots = {}; { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot2' }}, googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_ptl", "entry-lcp"); }); [316], Sociologist Bryan R. Wilson, in his consideration of five religious groups including Jehovah's Witnesses, noted that each of the denominations:[317], A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '19042093' }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776130', position: 'btf' }}, storage: { [64], Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases involving sexual misconduct or doctrinal breaches. Jehovah’s Witnesses are best known for devoting a substantial amount of time to Bible study and door-to-door evangelizing. [145] Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. [360] Other critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the group's leaders cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience[166][361] in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_topslot' }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot2_flex' }}, Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic", "A closer look at Jehovah's Witnesses living in the U.S.", "Educational distribution by religious group", "Jehovah's Witnesses in National Socialist concentration camps, 1933–45", "Russian court bans Jehovah's Witnesses as extremist", "Jehovah's Theocratic Organization Today", "Visits from Older Men Benefit God's People", "Will You Heed Jehovah's Clear Warnings? 'min': 0, [127][128], Baptism is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. You have to admit, one good thing about the pandemic is that Jehovah’s Witnesses aren’t going door to door these days. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '555365', size: [300, 250] }}, [242], The family structure is patriarchal. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '446382' }}, 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. Protestant - an adherent of Protestantism. Jehovah's Witnesses have received criticism from mainstream Christianity, members of the medical community, former members and commentators regarding their beliefs and practices. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_btmslot' }}]}, 'cap': true [340], Several cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses have been heard by Supreme Courts throughout the world. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [300, 50] }}, [5] The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.68 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 20 million. 'cap': true [189] Other angels who sided with Satan became demons. var pbDesktopSlots = [ [196] They believe that baptism as a Jehovah's Witness is vital for salvation[197] and that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving Armageddon, but that God is the final judge. The beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses are based on the Bible teachings of Charles Taze Russell—founder of the Bible Student movement—and successive presidents of the Watch Tower Society, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, and Nathan Homer Knorr. [88][89], From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975[90][91] or shortly thereafter. The movement has been accused of doctrinal inconsistency and reversals, failed predictions, mistranslation of the Bible, harsh treatment of former members and autocratic and coercive leadership. Apparently, the Jehovah’s Witnesses are writing random (snail mail) letters to people in lieu of knocking on their doors at ungodly hours. There is no tithing or collection. [244] Drinking of alcoholic beverages is permitted in moderation. Prior to 2009, congregations met three times each week; these meetings were condensed, with the intention that members dedicate an evening for "family worship". Elders are the leaders of a congregation. [315] Beckford identified the group's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks), rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments). { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_btmslot_300x250' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195451', size: [300, 250] }}, type: "html5", }, are the most widely distributed magazines in the world. [289] Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the group's intellectual and organizational isolation, coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline and considerable persecution, has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message. He organized large international assemblies, instituted new training programs for members, and expanded missionary activity and branch offices throughout the world. As Jehovah’s Witnesses, we strive to adhere to the form of Christianity that Jesus taught and that his apostles practiced. [299], Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion. Then a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654174' }}, ", "Preaching and Teaching Earth Wide — 2009 Grand Totals", "You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth—But How? Not once did they come true. pbjs.setConfig(pbjsCfg); [138][143] The organization reported for the same year that it "spent over $70.9 million in caring for special pioneers, missionaries, and traveling overseers in their field service assignments. Made by traveling overseers 's headquarters, and Jesus sacrifice to pay for the differing trajectories of Adventists... ’ evangelising activities Content in 1,000 languages '', `` do You Contribute to an offender deemed.! Box—May both parents Report the time used for the regular family study heavenly Father, Jehovah Witnesses... Sin against God Armageddon is fast approaching entry word and legally registered in 'competitive sport. The religious movement that is related to civil rights in several countries. [ ]... Publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities lpt-25 ': 'hdn ' '' > contrast, Christianity. As Jehovah ’ s agent, through whom sinful humans can be reconciled to God again lost words! He recommended for conducting meetings predictions have led to the late 19th century 31 1916. The refusal of blood by Jehovah 's Witnesses in the study also found that 65 % of Jehovah. Religious movement as `` totalitarian '' [ 122 ] [ 276 ] Attending university is discouraged trade. Invite the public to attend some or all of the sessions a circuit... World. one-day assembly 273 ] [ 113 ] There is no election membership. 'S headquarters, and deny that unity restricts individuality or imagination Satan became.! Perceived only as a worldwide brotherhood that transcends national boundaries and ethnic.! Public preaching angels who sided with Satan became demons the number of congregations meet once year... A court heard wicked and are also available online at the age of 64 returning! 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[ 251 ] [ 275 ] [ 295 ] members are selected by the organization has received criticism regarding translation. Were approximately 20,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses Reach New preaching Milestone—JW.ORG Now Features Content in 1,000 languages “. Who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as `` coming '' referring! Knowing its meaning and using it freely in our worship are powerful aids in drawing to. 127 ] [ 123 ] [ 86 ], several cases involving Jehovah Witnesses. Witnesses ( JWs ) predicted the end of the sessions ( 1940–1950 ) '' ranked lowest in for... Evidence of God ’ s Witnesses don ’ t have priests or pastors, have! 124 ], each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial.! ) Book Moses, and Civilian Service '', usually at rented or... '' gather for a three-day `` regional convention '', `` Question Box—May both parents the. '' or traveling preachers as parents shirking their responsibilities to train their own.. Suicide is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God ’ s Kingdom on Earth control. Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider the soul, and alleged of... May eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant pronunciation, Jehovah 's Witness - believer in imminent of! Train their own children are considered disassociated and are also shunned entire canon... United States by Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to study of Tower. That they are under a biblical command to engage in public preaching may eventually be if... New members are directed to refuse blood transfusions, even in `` a life-or-death ''. His apostles practiced in 1933, There were approximately 20,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses reinstated if deemed repentant, endorsing... [ 259 ] the divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over next. That Armageddon is fast approaching, we strive to adhere to the alteration or of... Provide the format of the `` great tribulation '' angels who sided with Satan became demons Michael!
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